Benchmarks

One release-built Rust client measures every server on the same machine and workloads, separating server and transport costs from language-specific client overhead.

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Latest run: 2026-08-24T21:30:25Z · AWS Graviton5, 32 cores, 61.6 GB

Canonical results pending

C# has been added to the release-pinned benchmark matrix. Its performance figures will appear after a full run on the canonical c9gd.8xlarge host; the published charts below remain the prior comparable snapshot.

Release inputs

Every run is bound to the full commit ID behind the release tag selected for that run. These historical measurements may predate the SDK versions in the capability matrix; Iroh has not been measured in this snapshot.

Implementation	Release	Commit	Status
Python	v0.43.0	1da388f7bf58	Published release
TypeScript	v0.22.0	423558fa50c7	Published release
Go	v0.26.1	8e7c49fd0724	Published release
Rust	v0.23.2	eaba89b5d60e	Published release
Java	v0.23.1	a0309fe28073	Published release
C#	v0.7.0	8afe27f8c5ab	Canonical benchmark pending
C++	v0.1.4	0fe27a2870ed	Published release

Performance at a glance

Every panel is shown up front. Lower is better for latency; higher is better for call rate and payload bandwidth.

Single-call latency by language

Mean latency for a tiny unary call with one client. Color compares languages within each transport, so HTTP remains useful without flattening the faster local transports.

Language	Direct transports				HTTP
Language	Subprocess / stdio	Stdio + shared memory	Unix socket	TCP loopback	HTTP identity	HTTP zstd
Python	54.1 μs	56.2 μs	66.4 μs	78.7 μs	103.8 μs	134.7 μs
TypeScript	79.4 μs	—	93.4 μs	102.6 μs	83.3 μs	108.9 μs
Go	17.3 μs	17.8 μs	25.9 μs	42.2 μs	57.5 μs	87.8 μs
Rust	13.1 μs	14.3 μs	21.6 μs	39.3 μs	46.0 μs	57.6 μs
Java	15.0 μs	15.9 μs	24.7 μs	27.4 μs	53.6 μs	73.8 μs
C++	13.7 μs	15.7 μs	23.5 μs	38.2 μs	49.1 μs	68.3 μs

Within each column:FastestWithin 1.5×Within 2.5×Over 2.5×

Scaling relative to one client

One client shows request rate; 2–16 clients show throughput relative to that baseline. Green is close to linear scaling; red indicates saturation.

Multi-core implementations

These servers can dispatch independent connections across multiple CPU cores.

Small unary calls

Socket transports

Transport	1 clientreq/s	2 clients	4 clients	8 clients	16 clients
Unix socket	38K	1.40×	2.70×	2.83×	2.49×
TCP loopback	23.7K	1.45×	3.13×	3.45×	3.44×

HTTP transports

Transport	1 clientreq/s	2 clients	4 clients	8 clients	16 clients
HTTP identity	17.5K	1.78×	2.85×	3.79×	3.18×
HTTP zstd	11.3K	1.85×	3.75×	7.49×	12.08×

1 MiB round trips

Socket transports

Transport	1 clientreq/s	2 clients	4 clients	8 clients	16 clients
Unix socket	2.1K	1.69×	2.90×	4.44×	5.50×
TCP loopback	2K	1.60×	2.89×	4.38×	5.68×

HTTP transports

Transport	1 clientreq/s	2 clients	4 clients	8 clients	16 clients
HTTP identity	1.2K	1.38×	2.56×	3.73×	4.15×
HTTP zstd	250.5	2.15×	4.25×	8.07×	12.63×

Rust

Small unary calls

Socket transports

Transport	1 clientreq/s	2 clients	4 clients	8 clients	16 clients
Unix socket	45.7K	1.98×	3.98×	7.87×	15.75×
TCP loopback	24.8K	1.89×	3.65×	6.99×	12.01×

HTTP transports

Transport	1 clientreq/s	2 clients	4 clients	8 clients	16 clients
HTTP identity	21.7K	1.90×	3.70×	7.02×	12.03×
HTTP zstd	17.6K	1.90×	3.70×	7.26×	12.22×

1 MiB round trips

Socket transports

Transport	1 clientreq/s	2 clients	4 clients	8 clients	16 clients
Unix socket	5.9K	1.89×	3.43×	6.17×	9.65×
TCP loopback	4.2K	1.97×	3.76×	6.81×	11.11×

HTTP transports

Transport	1 clientreq/s	2 clients	4 clients	8 clients	16 clients
HTTP identity	928.3	1.87×	3.26×	5.56×	7.16×
HTTP zstd	510.3	1.69×	3.85×	7.26×	12.83×

Java

Small unary calls

Socket transports

Transport	1 clientreq/s	2 clients	4 clients	8 clients	16 clients
Unix socket	40.1K	1.89×	3.91×	7.67×	8.70×
TCP loopback	35.6K	1.93×	3.70×	7.18×	7.36×

HTTP transports

Transport	1 clientreq/s	2 clients	4 clients	8 clients	16 clients
HTTP identity	18.4K	1.98×	3.93×	7.57×	11.14×
HTTP zstd	13.1K	2.03×	4.06×	7.71×	11.48×

1 MiB round trips

Socket transports

Transport	1 clientreq/s	2 clients	4 clients	8 clients	16 clients
Unix socket	2.4K	1.95×	3.68×	6.30×	7.61×
TCP loopback	2.2K	1.99×	3.76×	6.78×	8.93×

HTTP transports

Transport	1 clientreq/s	2 clients	4 clients	8 clients	16 clients
HTTP identity	863.2	1.96×	3.47×	5.22×	5.60×
HTTP zstd	594.4	2.02×	3.94×	7.04×	9.86×

C++

Small unary calls

Socket transports

Transport	1 clientreq/s	2 clients	4 clients	8 clients	16 clients
Unix socket	42.6K	1.90×	3.76×	7.33×	13.68×
TCP loopback	26.4K	1.93×	3.76×	7.27×	11.19×

HTTP transports

Transport	1 clientreq/s	2 clients	4 clients	8 clients	16 clients
HTTP identity	20.2K	1.98×	3.93×	7.70×	11.81×
HTTP zstd	14.5K	1.98×	3.95×	7.79×	12.28×

1 MiB round trips

Socket transports

Transport	1 clientreq/s	2 clients	4 clients	8 clients	16 clients
Unix socket	5.8K	1.91×	3.53×	6.30×	9.47×
TCP loopback	4.4K	1.93×	3.77×	7.04×	10.93×

HTTP transports

Transport	1 clientreq/s	2 clients	4 clients	8 clients	16 clients
HTTP identity	1.6K	1.92×	3.43×	4.34×	4.84×
HTTP zstd	724	2.00×	3.93×	6.83×	10.12×

Single-process, one-core implementations

Python and TypeScript raw socket servers are bounded by one process core, so their client-count curves are shown separately. Python HTTP uses 16 Granian worker processes.

PythonRaw socket server: single process, one CPU core; HTTP: 16 Granian workers.

Small unary calls

Socket transports

Transport	1 clientreq/s	2 clients	4 clients	8 clients	16 clients
Unix socket	15.2K	0.67×	0.48×	0.48×	0.48×
TCP loopback	12.5K	0.78×	0.56×	0.56×	0.55×

HTTP transports

Transport	1 clientreq/s	2 clients	4 clients	8 clients	16 clients
HTTP identity	9.7K	2.00×	3.98×	7.50×	11.37×
HTTP zstd	7.7K	1.93×	3.87×	7.68×	11.16×

1 MiB round trips

Socket transports

Transport	1 clientreq/s	2 clients	4 clients	8 clients	16 clients
Unix socket	1.2K	1.11×	1.18×	1.21×	1.14×
TCP loopback	1.2K	1.17×	1.25×	1.24×	1.10×

HTTP transports

Transport	1 clientreq/s	2 clients	4 clients	8 clients	16 clients
HTTP identity	559.6	1.95×	3.34×	5.07×	7.08×
HTTP zstd	414.5	1.88×	3.92×	6.69×	10.60×

TypeScriptRaw socket server: single process, one CPU core.

Small unary calls

Socket transports

Transport	1 clientreq/s	2 clients	4 clients	8 clients	16 clients
Unix socket	11K	1.04×	1.04×	1.03×	1.02×
TCP loopback	9.5K	1.14×	1.18×	1.17×	1.15×

HTTP transports

Transport	1 clientreq/s	2 clients	4 clients	8 clients	16 clients
HTTP identity	12K	1.55×	1.59×	1.61×	1.57×
HTTP zstd	9.2K	1.59×	1.65×	1.64×	1.64×

1 MiB round trips

Socket transports

Transport	1 clientreq/s	2 clients	4 clients	8 clients	16 clients
Unix socket	1K	1.10×	1.10×	1.07×	1.01×
TCP loopback	1K	1.07×	1.06×	1.07×	1.04×

HTTP transports

Transport	1 clientreq/s	2 clients	4 clients	8 clients	16 clients
HTTP identity	696	1.79×	2.10×	2.04×	2.01×
HTTP zstd	530.5	1.61×	1.93×	1.92×	1.95×

Single-client large-payload bandwidth by transport

16 MiB echo throughput with one outstanding call, counting bytes in both directions. Client and server are not CPU-pinned, so these are single-client rather than single-core results. Color compares languages within each transport; higher is better.

Language	Direct transports				HTTP
Language	Subprocess / stdio	Stdio + shared memory	Unix socket	TCP loopback	HTTP identity	HTTP zstd
Python	1.26 GiB/s	1.54 GiB/s	1.77 GiB/s	1.74 GiB/s	547 MiB/s	832 MiB/s
TypeScript	827 MiB/s	—	1.11 GiB/s	1.13 GiB/s	763 MiB/s	1.14 GiB/s
Go	1.68 GiB/s	3.22 GiB/s	2.28 GiB/s	2.16 GiB/s	831 MiB/s	481 MiB/s
Rust	1.74 GiB/s	3.35 GiB/s	2.82 GiB/s	2.92 GiB/s	680 MiB/s	700 MiB/s
Java	1.83 GiB/s	2.79 GiB/s	2.45 GiB/s	2.43 GiB/s	796 MiB/s	1.14 GiB/s
C++	1.74 GiB/s	3.35 GiB/s	3.04 GiB/s	2.78 GiB/s	637 MiB/s	630 MiB/s

Within each column:FastestAt least 65%At least 35%Under 35%

Detailed results

Rust client → release server. Choose a workload, transport, and available client count to inspect percentiles, CPU, and quality.

Workload

Transport

Clients

Single-call workloads have one client; load workloads expose 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16.

Server	Clients	Mean	P50	P95	P99	Calls	Payload	Host CPU	Quality
Python	1	49.4 μs	49.3 μs	50.5 μs	56.7 μs	20.23K/s	—	—	complete
Python	1	66.4 μs	66.2 μs	67.3 μs	77.6 μs	15.06K/s	—	—	complete
Python	1	65.0 μs	64.7 μs	66.0 μs	75.5 μs	15.38K/s	—	—	complete
Python	1	64.9 μs	64.6 μs	65.8 μs	76.5 μs	15.39K/s	30.1 MiB/s	—	complete
Python	1	79.6 μs	79.2 μs	81.0 μs	94.0 μs	12.55K/s	1.53 GiB/s	—	complete
Python	1	811.7 μs	806.8 μs	830.2 μs	844.2 μs	1.23K/s	2.41 GiB/s	—	complete
Python	1	17.68 ms	17.65 ms	18.00 ms	18.45 ms	56.57/s	1.77 GiB/s	—	complete
Python	1	83.8 μs	83.4 μs	85.5 μs	96.5 μs	11.92K/s	—	—	complete
Python	1	103.8 μs	103.1 μs	107.2 μs	119.6 μs	9.63K/s	—	—	complete
Python	1	99.8 μs	99.0 μs	103.3 μs	116.2 μs	10.02K/s	—	—	complete
Python	1	102.7 μs	102.1 μs	105.7 μs	119.0 μs	9.73K/s	19.0 MiB/s	—	complete
Python	1	179.2 μs	178.2 μs	188.8 μs	198.4 μs	5.58K/s	697.4 MiB/s	—	complete
Python	1	1.77 ms	1.77 ms	1.80 ms	1.82 ms	563.56/s	1.10 GiB/s	—	complete
Python	1	58.55 ms	58.46 ms	59.51 ms	59.77 ms	17.08/s	546.6 MiB/s	—	complete
Python	1	37.9 μs	37.8 μs	38.9 μs	42.9 μs	26.36K/s	—	—	complete
Python	1	56.2 μs	56.0 μs	56.8 μs	65.9 μs	17.78K/s	—	—	complete
Python	1	53.5 μs	53.3 μs	54.0 μs	63.0 μs	18.67K/s	—	—	complete
Python	1	54.9 μs	54.8 μs	55.6 μs	64.6 μs	18.18K/s	35.5 MiB/s	—	complete
Python	1	80.6 μs	80.4 μs	82.0 μs	95.0 μs	12.41K/s	1.51 GiB/s	—	complete
Python	1	1.02 ms	1.02 ms	1.10 ms	1.13 ms	978.99/s	1.91 GiB/s	—	complete
Python	1	20.26 ms	20.27 ms	20.63 ms	20.76 ms	49.37/s	1.54 GiB/s	—	complete
Python	1	97.8 μs	97.3 μs	99.7 μs	111.2 μs	10.22K/s	—	—	complete
Python	1	134.7 μs	133.8 μs	140.7 μs	153.4 μs	7.42K/s	—	—	complete
Python	1	124.5 μs	123.6 μs	129.1 μs	142.1 μs	8.03K/s	—	—	complete
Python	1	129.6 μs	128.6 μs	135.5 μs	148.1 μs	7.71K/s	15.1 MiB/s	—	complete
Python	1	247.6 μs	245.8 μs	263.0 μs	269.3 μs	4.04K/s	504.7 MiB/s	—	complete
Python	1	2.45 ms	2.45 ms	2.47 ms	2.48 ms	408.7/s	817.4 MiB/s	—	complete
Python	1	38.46 ms	38.41 ms	38.88 ms	39.49 ms	26/s	832.0 MiB/s	—	complete
Python	1	38.6 μs	38.7 μs	40.0 μs	43.3 μs	25.84K/s	—	—	complete
Python	1	54.1 μs	53.8 μs	54.7 μs	63.0 μs	18.48K/s	—	—	complete
Python	1	51.3 μs	51.1 μs	51.7 μs	60.4 μs	19.47K/s	—	—	complete
Python	1	52.3 μs	52.1 μs	52.9 μs	61.5 μs	19.11K/s	37.3 MiB/s	—	complete
Python	1	77.4 μs	76.9 μs	79.2 μs	90.4 μs	12.91K/s	1.58 GiB/s	—	complete
Python	1	1.13 ms	1.12 ms	1.15 ms	1.17 ms	886.19/s	1.73 GiB/s	—	complete
Python	1	24.76 ms	24.79 ms	25.20 ms	25.33 ms	40.38/s	1.26 GiB/s	—	complete
Python	1	61.3 μs	61.1 μs	61.9 μs	70.8 μs	16.3K/s	—	—	complete
Python	1	78.7 μs	78.2 μs	81.1 μs	90.0 μs	12.7K/s	—	—	complete
Python	1	80.9 μs	80.6 μs	82.3 μs	91.8 μs	12.35K/s	—	—	complete
Python	1	81.3 μs	80.9 μs	82.7 μs	92.8 μs	12.29K/s	24.0 MiB/s	—	complete
Python	1	95.4 μs	94.8 μs	98.0 μs	109.4 μs	10.48K/s	1.28 GiB/s	—	complete
Python	1	840.2 μs	836.8 μs	857.9 μs	866.7 μs	1.19K/s	2.32 GiB/s	—	complete
Python	1	17.97 ms	17.79 ms	18.99 ms	19.26 ms	55.63/s	1.74 GiB/s	—	complete
TypeScript	1	66.7 μs	57.3 μs	74.4 μs	105.4 μs	14.97K/s	—	—	complete
TypeScript	1	93.4 μs	81.5 μs	105.9 μs	129.8 μs	10.7K/s	—	—	complete
TypeScript	1	95.2 μs	81.0 μs	108.2 μs	129.5 μs	10.5K/s	—	—	complete
TypeScript	1	92.3 μs	78.2 μs	108.7 μs	130.9 μs	10.83K/s	21.1 MiB/s	—	complete
TypeScript	1	213.6 μs	132.5 μs	176.4 μs	193.9 μs	4.68K/s	585.1 MiB/s	—	Noisy (9.3% CV)
TypeScript	1	1.22 ms	455.5 μs	1.16 ms	6.63 ms	819.84/s	1.60 GiB/s	—	complete
TypeScript	1	28.09 ms	20.73 ms	23.02 ms	339.36 ms	35.6/s	1.11 GiB/s	—	Noisy (10.7% CV)
TypeScript	1	62.5 μs	58.3 μs	64.2 μs	79.6 μs	16K/s	—	—	complete
TypeScript	1	83.3 μs	76.5 μs	85.9 μs	140.6 μs	11.99K/s	—	—	complete
TypeScript	1	81.9 μs	75.0 μs	84.2 μs	141.4 μs	12.2K/s	—	—	complete
TypeScript	1	80.4 μs	73.8 μs	81.1 μs	148.8 μs	12.42K/s	24.3 MiB/s	—	complete
TypeScript	1	136.4 μs	109.3 μs	144.2 μs	712.6 μs	7.33K/s	915.8 MiB/s	—	complete
TypeScript	1	845.9 μs	600.4 μs	1.90 ms	2.60 ms	1.18K/s	2.31 GiB/s	—	complete
TypeScript	1	41.95 ms	41.09 ms	47.31 ms	49.03 ms	23.84/s	762.9 MiB/s	—	complete
TypeScript	1	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	unsupported
TypeScript	1	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	unsupported
TypeScript	1	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	unsupported
TypeScript	1	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	unsupported
TypeScript	1	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	unsupported
TypeScript	1	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	unsupported
TypeScript	1	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	unsupported
TypeScript	1	82.7 μs	77.3 μs	85.5 μs	103.8 μs	12.08K/s	—	—	complete
TypeScript	1	108.9 μs	100.8 μs	116.3 μs	177.4 μs	9.18K/s	—	—	complete
TypeScript	1	107.0 μs	99.2 μs	113.8 μs	173.9 μs	9.34K/s	—	—	complete
TypeScript	1	103.7 μs	96.0 μs	108.6 μs	184.0 μs	9.64K/s	18.8 MiB/s	—	complete
TypeScript	1	255.2 μs	202.8 μs	285.9 μs	2.08 ms	3.92K/s	489.7 MiB/s	—	complete
TypeScript	1	1.58 ms	1.13 ms	3.26 ms	3.59 ms	631.54/s	1.23 GiB/s	—	complete
TypeScript	1	27.52 ms	26.16 ms	36.14 ms	37.65 ms	36.34/s	1.14 GiB/s	—	complete
TypeScript	1	55.1 μs	47.4 μs	62.9 μs	83.1 μs	18.13K/s	—	—	complete
TypeScript	1	79.4 μs	68.1 μs	91.7 μs	109.6 μs	12.58K/s	—	—	complete
TypeScript	1	80.8 μs	68.1 μs	93.5 μs	117.0 μs	12.37K/s	—	—	complete
TypeScript	1	78.3 μs	64.7 μs	95.0 μs	114.3 μs	12.77K/s	24.9 MiB/s	—	complete
TypeScript	1	210.0 μs	134.8 μs	172.5 μs	191.0 μs	4.76K/s	595.0 MiB/s	—	complete
TypeScript	1	1.70 ms	708.5 μs	1.33 ms	7.83 ms	586.69/s	1.15 GiB/s	—	complete
TypeScript	1	38.67 ms	25.55 ms	32.13 ms	421.36 ms	25.86/s	827.4 MiB/s	—	complete
TypeScript	1	72.9 μs	63.3 μs	81.7 μs	116.1 μs	13.7K/s	—	—	complete
TypeScript	1	102.6 μs	88.6 μs	114.5 μs	137.0 μs	9.74K/s	—	—	complete
TypeScript	1	104.0 μs	90.0 μs	120.2 μs	143.9 μs	9.61K/s	—	—	complete
TypeScript	1	99.3 μs	84.4 μs	107.9 μs	134.3 μs	10.06K/s	19.7 MiB/s	—	complete
TypeScript	1	218.8 μs	139.5 μs	189.2 μs	210.1 μs	4.57K/s	571.2 MiB/s	—	complete
TypeScript	1	1.16 ms	486.4 μs	1.21 ms	6.14 ms	862.65/s	1.68 GiB/s	—	complete
TypeScript	1	27.55 ms	20.16 ms	24.95 ms	309.26 ms	36.3/s	1.13 GiB/s	—	complete
Go	1	19.7 μs	18.8 μs	21.8 μs	46.1 μs	50.69K/s	—	—	complete
Go	1	25.9 μs	24.4 μs	29.0 μs	83.1 μs	38.46K/s	—	—	complete
Go	1	26.5 μs	25.2 μs	29.6 μs	81.2 μs	37.6K/s	—	—	complete
Go	1	27.6 μs	25.6 μs	33.1 μs	97.2 μs	36.15K/s	70.6 MiB/s	—	complete
Go	1	69.4 μs	48.3 μs	149.0 μs	177.4 μs	14.39K/s	1.76 GiB/s	—	complete
Go	1	473.8 μs	420.6 μs	753.3 μs	876.4 μs	2.11K/s	4.12 GiB/s	—	complete
Go	1	13.73 ms	13.79 ms	14.06 ms	14.27 ms	72.83/s	2.28 GiB/s	—	complete
Go	1	48.2 μs	45.5 μs	55.3 μs	125.4 μs	20.7K/s	—	—	complete
Go	1	57.5 μs	53.2 μs	75.0 μs	163.2 μs	17.38K/s	—	—	complete
Go	1	56.8 μs	52.4 μs	76.3 μs	163.0 μs	17.58K/s	—	—	complete
Go	1	61.6 μs	55.1 μs	115.6 μs	184.0 μs	16.23K/s	31.7 MiB/s	—	complete
Go	1	203.0 μs	165.2 μs	340.2 μs	383.0 μs	4.93K/s	615.7 MiB/s	—	complete
Go	1	700.5 μs	693.8 μs	754.4 μs	837.2 μs	1.43K/s	2.79 GiB/s	—	complete
Go	1	38.52 ms	38.07 ms	40.82 ms	43.59 ms	25.96/s	830.8 MiB/s	—	complete
Go	1	12.8 μs	12.1 μs	14.2 μs	22.9 μs	77.92K/s	—	—	complete
Go	1	17.8 μs	16.7 μs	19.5 μs	67.8 μs	55.9K/s	—	—	complete
Go	1	18.0 μs	16.9 μs	19.5 μs	63.6 μs	55.5K/s	—	—	complete
Go	1	19.1 μs	17.6 μs	21.1 μs	84.4 μs	52.32K/s	102.2 MiB/s	—	complete
Go	1	70.1 μs	51.6 μs	143.9 μs	167.9 μs	14.26K/s	1.74 GiB/s	—	complete
Go	1	582.1 μs	534.1 μs	908.7 μs	1.02 ms	1.72K/s	3.35 GiB/s	—	complete
Go	1	9.71 ms	9.70 ms	9.99 ms	10.09 ms	102.98/s	3.22 GiB/s	—	complete
Go	1	76.3 μs	71.6 μs	83.4 μs	152.5 μs	13.09K/s	—	—	complete
Go	1	87.8 μs	81.9 μs	96.9 μs	164.5 μs	11.38K/s	—	—	complete
Go	1	86.1 μs	80.2 μs	94.8 μs	162.6 μs	11.61K/s	—	—	complete
Go	1	104.0 μs	96.5 μs	109.8 μs	187.0 μs	9.61K/s	18.8 MiB/s	—	complete
Go	1	485.7 μs	370.4 μs	1.01 ms	2.69 ms	2.06K/s	257.4 MiB/s	—	complete
Go	1	4.35 ms	4.13 ms	6.91 ms	7.82 ms	229.79/s	459.6 MiB/s	—	complete
Go	1	66.46 ms	65.30 ms	71.97 ms	73.15 ms	15.05/s	481.5 MiB/s	—	complete
Go	1	12.3 μs	11.8 μs	13.4 μs	21.3 μs	80.73K/s	—	—	complete
Go	1	17.3 μs	16.2 μs	18.9 μs	57.4 μs	57.69K/s	—	—	complete
Go	1	17.5 μs	16.5 μs	18.9 μs	52.8 μs	56.9K/s	—	—	complete
Go	1	18.6 μs	17.2 μs	20.3 μs	81.5 μs	53.66K/s	104.8 MiB/s	—	complete
Go	1	70.4 μs	51.0 μs	148.2 μs	173.0 μs	14.2K/s	1.73 GiB/s	—	complete
Go	1	757.9 μs	720.1 μs	1.01 ms	1.14 ms	1.32K/s	2.58 GiB/s	—	complete
Go	1	18.64 ms	18.70 ms	19.00 ms	19.18 ms	53.63/s	1.68 GiB/s	—	complete
Go	1	34.0 μs	33.2 μs	35.5 μs	49.5 μs	29.4K/s	—	—	complete
Go	1	42.2 μs	40.9 μs	44.8 μs	90.8 μs	23.69K/s	—	—	complete
Go	1	46.1 μs	44.9 μs	48.8 μs	91.6 μs	21.66K/s	—	—	complete
Go	1	44.2 μs	42.5 μs	47.6 μs	105.1 μs	22.61K/s	44.2 MiB/s	—	complete
Go	1	88.2 μs	66.6 μs	168.2 μs	191.1 μs	11.33K/s	1.38 GiB/s	—	complete
Go	1	567.7 μs	503.2 μs	864.4 μs	927.7 μs	1.76K/s	3.44 GiB/s	—	Noisy (6.1% CV)
Go	1	14.45 ms	14.50 ms	14.72 ms	14.89 ms	69.19/s	2.16 GiB/s	—	complete
Java	1	19.3 μs	19.0 μs	21.0 μs	22.5 μs	51.67K/s	—	—	complete
Java	1	24.7 μs	24.6 μs	25.4 μs	26.6 μs	40.43K/s	—	—	complete
Java	1	24.5 μs	24.5 μs	25.2 μs	26.4 μs	40.64K/s	—	—	complete
Java	1	25.9 μs	25.8 μs	26.6 μs	28.2 μs	38.51K/s	75.2 MiB/s	—	complete
Java	1	50.0 μs	49.7 μs	51.4 μs	62.4 μs	19.98K/s	2.44 GiB/s	—	complete
Java	1	410.2 μs	408.0 μs	424.1 μs	430.3 μs	2.44K/s	4.76 GiB/s	—	complete
Java	1	12.73 ms	12.74 ms	13.17 ms	13.34 ms	78.55/s	2.45 GiB/s	—	complete
Java	1	47.2 μs	46.5 μs	52.4 μs	57.9 μs	21.14K/s	—	—	complete
Java	1	53.6 μs	53.3 μs	54.6 μs	64.4 μs	18.63K/s	—	—	complete
Java	1	53.3 μs	53.1 μs	54.4 μs	64.2 μs	18.73K/s	—	—	complete
Java	1	55.6 μs	55.3 μs	56.7 μs	67.5 μs	17.96K/s	35.1 MiB/s	—	complete
Java	1	127.2 μs	126.3 μs	132.7 μs	144.8 μs	7.86K/s	982.3 MiB/s	—	complete
Java	1	1.01 ms	998.0 μs	1.03 ms	1.28 ms	994.81/s	1.94 GiB/s	—	complete
Java	1	40.20 ms	40.14 ms	40.95 ms	41.32 ms	24.88/s	796.1 MiB/s	—	complete
Java	1	10.6 μs	10.5 μs	11.0 μs	13.1 μs	93.57K/s	—	—	complete
Java	1	15.9 μs	15.8 μs	16.2 μs	16.8 μs	62.61K/s	—	—	complete
Java	1	15.9 μs	15.8 μs	16.1 μs	16.4 μs	62.74K/s	—	—	complete
Java	1	16.9 μs	16.8 μs	17.2 μs	17.7 μs	58.94K/s	115.1 MiB/s	—	complete
Java	1	53.0 μs	52.7 μs	54.4 μs	64.8 μs	18.85K/s	2.30 GiB/s	—	complete
Java	1	513.0 μs	505.5 μs	567.2 μs	624.0 μs	1.95K/s	3.81 GiB/s	—	complete
Java	1	11.19 ms	11.16 ms	11.58 ms	11.84 ms	89.37/s	2.79 GiB/s	—	complete
Java	1	59.5 μs	58.3 μs	66.5 μs	74.5 μs	16.8K/s	—	—	complete
Java	1	73.8 μs	73.2 μs	75.3 μs	85.6 μs	13.54K/s	—	—	complete
Java	1	72.2 μs	71.7 μs	73.6 μs	84.0 μs	13.84K/s	—	—	complete
Java	1	73.0 μs	72.6 μs	74.5 μs	85.1 μs	13.68K/s	26.7 MiB/s	—	complete
Java	1	196.5 μs	195.1 μs	207.1 μs	212.3 μs	5.09K/s	636.0 MiB/s	—	complete
Java	1	1.56 ms	1.56 ms	1.58 ms	1.84 ms	640.03/s	1.25 GiB/s	—	complete
Java	1	27.43 ms	27.47 ms	27.84 ms	28.18 ms	36.46/s	1.14 GiB/s	—	complete
Java	1	9.96 μs	9.86 μs	10.3 μs	11.7 μs	99.72K/s	—	—	complete
Java	1	15.0 μs	15.0 μs	15.4 μs	17.1 μs	66.5K/s	—	—	complete
Java	1	14.6 μs	14.5 μs	15.3 μs	16.1 μs	68K/s	—	—	complete
Java	1	16.3 μs	16.4 μs	16.8 μs	17.1 μs	60.95K/s	119.0 MiB/s	—	complete
Java	1	52.6 μs	52.3 μs	54.2 μs	64.6 μs	18.99K/s	2.32 GiB/s	—	complete
Java	1	579.5 μs	577.2 μs	602.9 μs	619.6 μs	1.73K/s	3.37 GiB/s	—	complete
Java	1	17.08 ms	17.06 ms	17.43 ms	17.64 ms	58.55/s	1.83 GiB/s	—	complete
Java	1	21.5 μs	21.2 μs	23.3 μs	25.0 μs	46.29K/s	—	—	complete
Java	1	27.4 μs	27.1 μs	28.6 μs	31.1 μs	36.46K/s	—	—	complete
Java	1	27.2 μs	27.0 μs	28.3 μs	30.8 μs	36.63K/s	—	—	complete
Java	1	28.5 μs	28.3 μs	29.7 μs	33.2 μs	35.05K/s	68.5 MiB/s	—	complete
Java	1	51.7 μs	50.6 μs	61.2 μs	64.3 μs	19.33K/s	2.36 GiB/s	—	complete
Java	1	433.5 μs	432.0 μs	448.1 μs	452.8 μs	2.31K/s	4.51 GiB/s	—	complete
Java	1	12.88 ms	12.87 ms	13.26 ms	13.45 ms	77.67/s	2.43 GiB/s	—	complete
C++	1	18.3 μs	18.1 μs	19.1 μs	25.7 μs	54.36K/s	—	—	complete
C++	1	23.5 μs	23.3 μs	24.1 μs	29.0 μs	42.47K/s	—	—	complete
C++	1	23.7 μs	23.5 μs	24.4 μs	28.5 μs	42.18K/s	—	—	complete
C++	1	24.5 μs	24.4 μs	25.0 μs	25.6 μs	40.71K/s	79.5 MiB/s	—	complete
C++	1	34.5 μs	34.0 μs	37.2 μs	44.1 μs	28.91K/s	3.53 GiB/s	—	complete
C++	1	185.9 μs	177.8 μs	198.5 μs	384.2 μs	5.38K/s	10.50 GiB/s	—	complete
C++	1	10.27 ms	10.37 ms	10.65 ms	11.44 ms	97.33/s	3.04 GiB/s	—	complete
C++	1	43.6 μs	43.3 μs	44.3 μs	56.6 μs	22.88K/s	—	—	complete
C++	1	49.1 μs	48.7 μs	50.0 μs	62.6 μs	20.35K/s	—	—	complete
C++	1	47.6 μs	47.2 μs	48.4 μs	61.2 μs	20.99K/s	—	—	complete
C++	1	50.0 μs	49.6 μs	51.0 μs	63.9 μs	19.97K/s	39.0 MiB/s	—	complete
C++	1	86.6 μs	84.6 μs	99.7 μs	116.4 μs	11.54K/s	1.41 GiB/s	—	complete
C++	1	598.5 μs	556.1 μs	906.1 μs	1.36 ms	1.67K/s	3.26 GiB/s	—	complete
C++	1	50.25 ms	50.38 ms	51.27 ms	51.64 ms	19.9/s	636.8 MiB/s	—	complete
C++	1	10.8 μs	10.7 μs	11.0 μs	16.7 μs	92.51K/s	—	—	complete
C++	1	15.7 μs	15.6 μs	16.0 μs	20.3 μs	63.44K/s	—	—	complete
C++	1	14.1 μs	13.9 μs	15.4 μs	18.0 μs	70.41K/s	—	—	complete
C++	1	16.2 μs	16.6 μs	17.0 μs	17.2 μs	61.34K/s	119.8 MiB/s	—	complete
C++	1	43.8 μs	43.3 μs	45.0 μs	54.2 μs	22.82K/s	2.79 GiB/s	—	complete
C++	1	378.8 μs	339.1 μs	509.4 μs	547.9 μs	2.64K/s	5.15 GiB/s	—	complete
C++	1	9.31 ms	8.40 ms	12.06 ms	12.35 ms	107.36/s	3.35 GiB/s	—	complete
C++	1	55.6 μs	55.1 μs	56.6 μs	69.1 μs	17.97K/s	—	—	complete
C++	1	68.3 μs	67.8 μs	69.9 μs	82.3 μs	14.63K/s	—	—	complete
C++	1	66.3 μs	65.8 μs	67.8 μs	80.0 μs	15.08K/s	—	—	complete
C++	1	68.1 μs	67.6 μs	69.9 μs	82.5 μs	14.67K/s	28.7 MiB/s	—	complete
C++	1	173.5 μs	172.3 μs	183.0 μs	194.6 μs	5.76K/s	720.2 MiB/s	—	complete
C++	1	1.44 ms	1.30 ms	1.95 ms	2.31 ms	692.3/s	1.35 GiB/s	—	complete
C++	1	50.76 ms	50.81 ms	51.46 ms	51.85 ms	19.7/s	630.4 MiB/s	—	complete
C++	1	9.97 μs	9.88 μs	10.1 μs	16.1 μs	99.79K/s	—	—	complete
C++	1	13.7 μs	13.6 μs	14.0 μs	18.8 μs	72.58K/s	—	—	complete
C++	1	13.0 μs	12.9 μs	13.3 μs	17.2 μs	76.41K/s	—	—	complete
C++	1	14.4 μs	14.3 μs	14.6 μs	14.8 μs	69.26K/s	135.3 MiB/s	—	complete
C++	1	42.7 μs	42.5 μs	43.3 μs	48.5 μs	23.41K/s	2.86 GiB/s	—	complete
C++	1	575.5 μs	606.9 μs	656.3 μs	661.7 μs	1.74K/s	3.39 GiB/s	—	complete
C++	1	17.93 ms	17.17 ms	19.75 ms	20.14 ms	55.76/s	1.74 GiB/s	—	Noisy (5.7% CV)
C++	1	33.8 μs	33.3 μs	36.1 μs	41.6 μs	29.51K/s	—	—	complete
C++	1	38.2 μs	37.6 μs	41.5 μs	45.5 μs	26.16K/s	—	—	complete
C++	1	41.8 μs	41.6 μs	43.6 μs	48.8 μs	23.88K/s	—	—	complete
C++	1	44.4 μs	44.3 μs	45.1 μs	51.0 μs	22.49K/s	43.9 MiB/s	—	complete
C++	1	54.0 μs	53.5 μs	56.2 μs	64.6 μs	18.51K/s	2.26 GiB/s	—	complete
C++	1	237.2 μs	230.6 μs	248.8 μs	401.3 μs	4.22K/s	8.23 GiB/s	—	complete
C++	1	11.22 ms	11.09 ms	12.13 ms	12.44 ms	89.09/s	2.78 GiB/s	—	complete
Python	1	65.5 μs	65.3 μs	66.9 μs	76.1 μs	15.2K/s	—	4.0%	complete
Python	2	195.4 μs	194.6 μs	246.7 μs	265.1 μs	10.22K/s	—	5.1%	complete
Python	4	551.2 μs	542.7 μs	740.7 μs	837.2 μs	7.25K/s	—	5.8%	complete
Python	8	1.09 ms	1.07 ms	1.53 ms	1.76 ms	7.32K/s	—	5.8%	complete
Python	16	2.18 ms	2.13 ms	3.17 ms	3.70 ms	7.31K/s	—	5.8%	complete
Python	1	824.4 μs	826.0 μs	848.0 μs	856.2 μs	1.21K/s	2.37 GiB/s	4.0%	complete
Python	2	1.49 ms	1.50 ms	1.67 ms	1.71 ms	1.34K/s	2.62 GiB/s	4.7%	complete
Python	4	2.79 ms	2.77 ms	3.55 ms	3.99 ms	1.43K/s	2.80 GiB/s	5.7%	complete
Python	8	5.42 ms	5.35 ms	7.30 ms	8.28 ms	1.47K/s	2.88 GiB/s	6.0%	complete
Python	16	11.57 ms	11.42 ms	16.02 ms	18.28 ms	1.38K/s	2.69 GiB/s	6.0%	complete
Python	1	103.2 μs	102.5 μs	107.0 μs	119.0 μs	9.67K/s	—	3.3%	complete
Python	2	103.2 μs	102.5 μs	107.1 μs	118.7 μs	19.33K/s	—	6.6%	complete
Python	4	103.6 μs	102.8 μs	107.7 μs	119.5 μs	38.51K/s	—	13.5%	complete
Python	8	110.1 μs	104.2 μs	121.7 μs	133.8 μs	72.49K/s	—	25.1%	complete
Python	16	145.3 μs	126.1 μs	238.2 μs	251.9 μs	109.91K/s	—	44.4%	Noisy (6.7% CV)
Python	1	1.79 ms	1.78 ms	1.82 ms	1.85 ms	559.62/s	1.09 GiB/s	4.5%	complete
Python	2	1.84 ms	1.83 ms	1.88 ms	1.93 ms	1.09K/s	2.13 GiB/s	8.7%	complete
Python	4	2.14 ms	2.05 ms	2.79 ms	2.83 ms	1.87K/s	3.65 GiB/s	16.9%	complete
Python	8	2.82 ms	2.25 ms	4.80 ms	4.90 ms	2.84K/s	5.54 GiB/s	27.8%	complete
Python	16	4.03 ms	3.35 ms	6.91 ms	8.90 ms	3.96K/s	7.74 GiB/s	51.9%	Noisy (14.2% CV)
Python	1	130.3 μs	129.1 μs	137.8 μs	148.9 μs	7.66K/s	—	3.3%	complete
Python	2	134.9 μs	129.9 μs	155.7 μs	167.9 μs	14.79K/s	—	6.3%	Noisy (7.6% CV)
Python	4	134.6 μs	130.4 μs	156.2 μs	165.2 μs	29.65K/s	—	12.7%	complete
Python	8	135.8 μs	131.7 μs	156.9 μs	168.6 μs	58.78K/s	—	25.5%	complete
Python	16	186.8 μs	164.6 μs	270.6 μs	311.8 μs	85.49K/s	—	44.5%	Noisy (8.5% CV)
Python	1	2.41 ms	2.41 ms	2.44 ms	2.48 ms	414.46/s	828.9 MiB/s	3.1%	complete
Python	2	2.56 ms	2.42 ms	3.40 ms	3.42 ms	779.71/s	1.52 GiB/s	5.9%	Noisy (15.1% CV)
Python	4	2.46 ms	2.45 ms	2.52 ms	2.56 ms	1.63K/s	3.18 GiB/s	12.6%	complete
Python	8	2.88 ms	2.70 ms	3.67 ms	3.74 ms	2.77K/s	5.42 GiB/s	23.3%	complete
Python	16	3.64 ms	3.19 ms	4.55 ms	6.26 ms	4.39K/s	8.58 GiB/s	41.3%	Noisy (12.5% CV)
Python	1	79.9 μs	79.5 μs	81.7 μs	91.0 μs	12.47K/s	—	4.3%	complete
Python	2	204.9 μs	204.1 μs	244.3 μs	260.2 μs	9.75K/s	—	5.2%	complete
Python	4	570.9 μs	566.0 μs	723.5 μs	799.0 μs	7K/s	—	6.2%	complete
Python	8	1.14 ms	1.12 ms	1.51 ms	1.69 ms	7.01K/s	—	6.0%	complete
Python	16	2.31 ms	2.27 ms	3.13 ms	3.57 ms	6.91K/s	—	5.9%	complete
Python	1	857.8 μs	853.8 μs	889.8 μs	899.9 μs	1.17K/s	2.28 GiB/s	3.8%	complete
Python	2	1.47 ms	1.47 ms	1.82 ms	1.90 ms	1.36K/s	2.66 GiB/s	4.9%	complete
Python	4	2.75 ms	2.79 ms	3.53 ms	4.00 ms	1.46K/s	2.84 GiB/s	5.7%	Noisy (9.5% CV)
Python	8	5.53 ms	5.48 ms	7.33 ms	8.28 ms	1.45K/s	2.82 GiB/s	5.7%	complete
Python	16	12.42 ms	12.25 ms	16.70 ms	19.12 ms	1.28K/s	2.51 GiB/s	6.2%	complete
TypeScript	1	90.6 μs	79.6 μs	99.3 μs	136.7 μs	11K/s	—	4.7%	complete
TypeScript	2	174.4 μs	154.9 μs	184.0 μs	342.7 μs	11.45K/s	—	4.8%	complete
TypeScript	4	350.6 μs	314.3 μs	363.9 μs	1.94 ms	11.4K/s	—	4.6%	complete
TypeScript	8	708.0 μs	637.8 μs	746.0 μs	2.96 ms	11.29K/s	—	4.5%	complete
TypeScript	16	1.42 ms	1.29 ms	2.67 ms	4.13 ms	11.23K/s	—	4.4%	complete
TypeScript	1	957.0 μs	507.6 μs	3.08 ms	4.79 ms	1.04K/s	2.04 GiB/s	10.6%	complete
TypeScript	2	1.75 ms	1.53 ms	3.57 ms	4.31 ms	1.14K/s	2.23 GiB/s	10.4%	complete
TypeScript	4	3.47 ms	3.26 ms	4.96 ms	5.59 ms	1.15K/s	2.25 GiB/s	10.5%	complete
TypeScript	8	7.14 ms	7.08 ms	9.01 ms	11.18 ms	1.12K/s	2.18 GiB/s	10.4%	complete
TypeScript	16	15.10 ms	14.76 ms	18.88 ms	25.30 ms	1.06K/s	2.06 GiB/s	9.9%	complete
TypeScript	1	83.1 μs	76.6 μs	87.4 μs	141.2 μs	11.99K/s	—	3.9%	complete
TypeScript	2	107.4 μs	94.5 μs	113.8 μs	768.3 μs	18.58K/s	—	5.1%	complete
TypeScript	4	209.1 μs	140.9 μs	299.0 μs	1.19 ms	19.1K/s	—	5.5%	complete
TypeScript	8	413.3 μs	321.3 μs	675.8 μs	1.56 ms	19.34K/s	—	5.4%	complete
TypeScript	16	847.9 μs	706.1 μs	1.68 ms	2.39 ms	18.86K/s	—	5.4%	complete
TypeScript	1	1.44 ms	1.27 ms	2.88 ms	3.45 ms	696.04/s	1.36 GiB/s	5.1%	Noisy (7.2% CV)
TypeScript	2	1.61 ms	1.17 ms	3.18 ms	3.54 ms	1.24K/s	2.43 GiB/s	9.0%	complete
TypeScript	4	2.74 ms	2.32 ms	4.58 ms	4.87 ms	1.46K/s	2.85 GiB/s	11.1%	complete
TypeScript	8	5.63 ms	5.09 ms	9.14 ms	10.48 ms	1.42K/s	2.77 GiB/s	10.9%	complete
TypeScript	16	11.42 ms	10.47 ms	20.21 ms	21.71 ms	1.4K/s	2.73 GiB/s	11.6%	complete
TypeScript	1	108.5 μs	100.7 μs	115.3 μs	178.1 μs	9.19K/s	—	3.6%	complete
TypeScript	2	136.2 μs	121.1 μs	143.6 μs	964.8 μs	14.65K/s	—	5.7%	complete
TypeScript	4	264.0 μs	180.1 μs	379.2 μs	1.32 ms	15.14K/s	—	5.5%	complete
TypeScript	8	529.2 μs	414.6 μs	881.8 μs	1.89 ms	15.11K/s	—	5.7%	complete
TypeScript	16	1.06 ms	893.2 μs	2.00 ms	2.92 ms	15.1K/s	—	5.8%	complete
TypeScript	1	1.88 ms	1.50 ms	3.21 ms	3.60 ms	530.55/s	1.04 GiB/s	4.5%	complete
TypeScript	2	2.33 ms	2.03 ms	3.78 ms	4.22 ms	856.81/s	1.67 GiB/s	8.4%	complete
TypeScript	4	3.91 ms	3.73 ms	5.90 ms	7.12 ms	1.02K/s	2.00 GiB/s	9.7%	complete
TypeScript	8	7.83 ms	6.40 ms	12.70 ms	14.36 ms	1.02K/s	1.99 GiB/s	9.8%	complete
TypeScript	16	15.38 ms	13.69 ms	27.29 ms	28.62 ms	1.04K/s	2.02 GiB/s	9.7%	complete
TypeScript	1	105.5 μs	93.5 μs	114.8 μs	157.1 μs	9.45K/s	—	4.8%	complete
TypeScript	2	185.7 μs	165.4 μs	199.0 μs	285.1 μs	10.76K/s	—	4.9%	complete
TypeScript	4	357.3 μs	313.7 μs	536.8 μs	2.00 ms	11.18K/s	—	4.7%	complete
TypeScript	8	725.0 μs	654.0 μs	758.3 μs	3.04 ms	11.03K/s	—	4.7%	complete
TypeScript	16	1.47 ms	1.33 ms	2.73 ms	4.29 ms	10.84K/s	—	4.6%	complete
TypeScript	1	988.1 μs	531.0 μs	3.18 ms	4.58 ms	1.01K/s	1.98 GiB/s	10.2%	complete
TypeScript	2	1.85 ms	1.58 ms	3.70 ms	4.50 ms	1.08K/s	2.11 GiB/s	9.9%	complete
TypeScript	4	3.72 ms	3.68 ms	5.46 ms	6.38 ms	1.08K/s	2.10 GiB/s	9.9%	complete
TypeScript	8	7.35 ms	7.18 ms	9.42 ms	11.23 ms	1.09K/s	2.12 GiB/s	10.3%	complete
TypeScript	16	15.12 ms	14.79 ms	18.65 ms	21.15 ms	1.05K/s	2.06 GiB/s	9.4%	complete
Go	1	26.1 μs	24.5 μs	29.2 μs	85.0 μs	38.02K/s	—	5.7%	complete
Go	2	37.3 μs	38.9 μs	46.7 μs	130.7 μs	53.32K/s	—	8.1%	complete
Go	4	38.8 μs	28.8 μs	108.5 μs	211.3 μs	102.47K/s	—	18.5%	complete
Go	8	74.0 μs	38.9 μs	257.6 μs	301.2 μs	107.7K/s	—	29.9%	complete
Go	16	168.6 μs	87.7 μs	486.9 μs	630.0 μs	94.74K/s	—	33.8%	Noisy (11.0% CV)
Go	1	486.4 μs	426.3 μs	741.2 μs	937.7 μs	2.05K/s	4.01 GiB/s	8.1%	complete
Go	2	574.8 μs	504.1 μs	963.5 μs	1.19 ms	3.48K/s	6.79 GiB/s	13.2%	Noisy (7.7% CV)
Go	4	670.7 μs	592.7 μs	1.17 ms	1.46 ms	5.96K/s	11.64 GiB/s	18.6%	Noisy (9.4% CV)
Go	8	876.2 μs	794.9 μs	1.51 ms	1.86 ms	9.12K/s	17.82 GiB/s	29.5%	Noisy (9.1% CV)
Go	16	1.41 ms	1.35 ms	2.43 ms	3.06 ms	11.31K/s	22.08 GiB/s	46.3%	complete
Go	1	56.9 μs	52.8 μs	68.6 μs	167.7 μs	17.49K/s	—	4.9%	complete
Go	2	64.0 μs	55.0 μs	140.9 μs	217.2 μs	31.13K/s	—	8.7%	complete
Go	4	80.1 μs	58.2 μs	230.1 μs	297.7 μs	49.8K/s	—	13.3%	complete
Go	8	120.3 μs	73.1 μs	355.4 μs	410.3 μs	66.35K/s	—	21.0%	complete
Go	16	287.3 μs	227.3 μs	734.9 μs	1.15 ms	55.61K/s	—	26.3%	complete
Go	1	806.9 μs	751.6 μs	1.12 ms	1.35 ms	1.24K/s	2.42 GiB/s	10.7%	complete
Go	2	1.17 ms	1.15 ms	1.65 ms	1.91 ms	1.72K/s	3.35 GiB/s	13.6%	Noisy (7.1% CV)
Go	4	1.26 ms	1.18 ms	1.92 ms	2.30 ms	3.17K/s	6.20 GiB/s	18.8%	Noisy (11.1% CV)
Go	8	1.73 ms	1.64 ms	2.59 ms	3.06 ms	4.62K/s	9.03 GiB/s	30.4%	Noisy (9.1% CV)
Go	16	3.11 ms	2.96 ms	5.02 ms	6.02 ms	5.14K/s	10.05 GiB/s	40.5%	complete
Go	1	88.4 μs	81.6 μs	96.6 μs	164.7 μs	11.27K/s	—	3.9%	complete
Go	2	95.6 μs	89.5 μs	111.2 μs	173.6 μs	20.87K/s	—	7.0%	complete
Go	4	94.3 μs	89.6 μs	109.1 μs	172.0 μs	42.28K/s	—	13.4%	complete
Go	8	94.4 μs	89.7 μs	107.8 μs	170.9 μs	84.49K/s	—	26.8%	complete
Go	16	117.1 μs	109.8 μs	143.1 μs	198.1 μs	136.19K/s	—	55.0%	complete
Go	1	3.99 ms	3.61 ms	6.28 ms	7.52 ms	250.51/s	501.0 MiB/s	4.2%	complete
Go	2	3.71 ms	3.41 ms	6.04 ms	7.11 ms	539.26/s	1.05 GiB/s	7.5%	complete
Go	4	3.76 ms	3.52 ms	5.92 ms	7.15 ms	1.06K/s	2.08 GiB/s	13.9%	complete
Go	8	3.96 ms	3.80 ms	5.45 ms	7.79 ms	2.02K/s	3.95 GiB/s	26.6%	complete
Go	16	5.05 ms	4.95 ms	6.65 ms	10.22 ms	3.17K/s	6.18 GiB/s	50.4%	complete
Go	1	42.0 μs	40.7 μs	44.6 μs	92.8 μs	23.69K/s	—	5.5%	complete
Go	2	57.8 μs	58.4 μs	67.7 μs	144.1 μs	34.43K/s	—	7.4%	complete
Go	4	53.6 μs	44.9 μs	117.5 μs	207.6 μs	74.27K/s	—	20.1%	complete
Go	8	97.5 μs	56.7 μs	262.6 μs	299.7 μs	81.8K/s	—	29.9%	complete
Go	16	196.0 μs	106.9 μs	536.8 μs	667.4 μs	81.5K/s	—	34.4%	Noisy (9.9% CV)
Go	1	509.4 μs	457.7 μs	760.8 μs	927.4 μs	1.96K/s	3.83 GiB/s	7.7%	complete
Go	2	638.6 μs	592.1 μs	1.02 ms	1.25 ms	3.13K/s	6.11 GiB/s	12.1%	Noisy (6.1% CV)
Go	4	705.5 μs	629.5 μs	1.18 ms	1.45 ms	5.67K/s	11.07 GiB/s	18.1%	Noisy (8.7% CV)
Go	8	931.4 μs	875.5 μs	1.53 ms	1.84 ms	8.58K/s	16.76 GiB/s	27.2%	complete
Go	16	1.44 ms	1.39 ms	2.36 ms	2.93 ms	11.13K/s	21.74 GiB/s	46.6%	complete
Rust	1	21.7 μs	21.4 μs	22.4 μs	22.9 μs	45.67K/s	—	4.8%	complete
Rust	2	21.9 μs	21.4 μs	22.6 μs	23.1 μs	90.31K/s	—	9.7%	complete
Rust	4	21.8 μs	21.4 μs	22.6 μs	23.1 μs	181.6K/s	—	19.6%	complete
Rust	8	22.0 μs	21.6 μs	22.7 μs	23.2 μs	359.28K/s	—	39.7%	complete
Rust	16	22.0 μs	21.6 μs	22.8 μs	25.9 μs	719.23K/s	—	84.2%	complete
Rust	1	169.8 μs	167.0 μs	176.8 μs	186.1 μs	5.87K/s	11.47 GiB/s	5.5%	complete
Rust	2	180.1 μs	172.6 μs	223.1 μs	232.2 μs	11.08K/s	21.64 GiB/s	11.1%	complete
Rust	4	198.4 μs	192.6 μs	230.5 μs	241.3 μs	20.13K/s	39.31 GiB/s	21.8%	Noisy (5.4% CV)
Rust	8	220.3 μs	212.1 μs	255.0 μs	274.8 μs	36.25K/s	70.80 GiB/s	42.8%	complete
Rust	16	281.6 μs	277.8 μs	334.7 μs	373.6 μs	56.72K/s	110.78 GiB/s	85.0%	complete
Rust	1	45.9 μs	45.8 μs	46.6 μs	53.6 μs	21.67K/s	—	3.5%	complete
Rust	2	48.4 μs	48.2 μs	49.5 μs	56.9 μs	41.11K/s	—	6.8%	complete
Rust	4	49.7 μs	48.6 μs	60.1 μs	67.8 μs	80.07K/s	—	13.5%	complete
Rust	8	52.3 μs	50.3 μs	65.9 μs	76.9 μs	152.13K/s	—	26.4%	complete
Rust	16	61.1 μs	59.0 μs	77.9 μs	91.6 μs	260.71K/s	—	53.3%	complete
Rust	1	1.08 ms	1.10 ms	1.21 ms	1.24 ms	928.31/s	1.81 GiB/s	4.4%	complete
Rust	2	1.15 ms	1.16 ms	1.31 ms	1.39 ms	1.73K/s	3.39 GiB/s	8.6%	complete
Rust	4	1.32 ms	1.30 ms	1.59 ms	1.71 ms	3.02K/s	5.91 GiB/s	17.0%	complete
Rust	8	1.55 ms	1.55 ms	1.88 ms	2.09 ms	5.16K/s	10.07 GiB/s	35.3%	complete
Rust	16	2.40 ms	2.38 ms	2.92 ms	3.34 ms	6.65K/s	12.98 GiB/s	68.8%	complete
Rust	1	56.4 μs	56.2 μs	57.1 μs	65.5 μs	17.65K/s	—	3.4%	complete
Rust	2	59.4 μs	59.2 μs	60.7 μs	69.0 μs	33.52K/s	—	6.6%	complete
Rust	4	61.0 μs	59.7 μs	73.3 μs	83.1 μs	65.34K/s	—	13.4%	complete
Rust	8	62.2 μs	60.8 μs	72.2 μs	85.1 μs	128.02K/s	—	26.6%	complete
Rust	16	73.9 μs	71.5 μs	93.4 μs	108.3 μs	215.54K/s	—	52.7%	complete
Rust	1	1.96 ms	2.05 ms	2.08 ms	2.09 ms	510.29/s	1020.6 MiB/s	3.2%	Noisy (5.6% CV)
Rust	2	2.32 ms	2.08 ms	3.03 ms	3.05 ms	862.53/s	1.68 GiB/s	5.4%	complete
Rust	4	2.04 ms	2.07 ms	2.36 ms	2.75 ms	1.96K/s	3.83 GiB/s	12.1%	complete
Rust	8	2.16 ms	2.18 ms	2.51 ms	2.71 ms	3.71K/s	7.24 GiB/s	23.7%	complete
Rust	16	2.44 ms	2.45 ms	2.81 ms	3.04 ms	6.55K/s	12.79 GiB/s	47.8%	complete
Rust	1	40.0 μs	39.8 μs	42.7 μs	45.9 μs	24.84K/s	—	5.0%	complete
Rust	2	42.4 μs	41.5 μs	44.5 μs	49.7 μs	46.9K/s	—	9.8%	complete
Rust	4	43.8 μs	43.1 μs	45.9 μs	50.1 μs	90.78K/s	—	19.7%	complete
Rust	8	45.8 μs	44.8 μs	47.6 μs	53.4 μs	173.64K/s	—	39.3%	complete
Rust	16	53.3 μs	52.3 μs	56.3 μs	64.3 μs	298.32K/s	—	82.3%	complete
Rust	1	235.2 μs	232.3 μs	245.3 μs	250.9 μs	4.25K/s	8.29 GiB/s	5.2%	complete
Rust	2	238.3 μs	234.4 μs	249.7 μs	258.4 μs	8.38K/s	16.36 GiB/s	10.5%	complete
Rust	4	250.5 μs	242.2 μs	261.7 μs	272.3 μs	15.94K/s	31.14 GiB/s	20.8%	complete
Rust	8	276.2 μs	267.3 μs	294.9 μs	307.6 μs	28.92K/s	56.48 GiB/s	42.3%	complete
Rust	16	338.8 μs	326.1 μs	362.4 μs	485.4 μs	47.14K/s	92.08 GiB/s	84.0%	complete
Java	1	24.7 μs	24.3 μs	27.2 μs	32.2 μs	40.06K/s	—	6.0%	complete
Java	2	26.1 μs	26.2 μs	28.4 μs	32.7 μs	75.8K/s	—	11.5%	complete
Java	4	25.3 μs	24.8 μs	28.8 μs	31.4 μs	156.53K/s	—	23.1%	complete
Java	8	25.8 μs	25.3 μs	29.2 μs	33.6 μs	307.37K/s	—	45.1%	complete
Java	16	45.6 μs	30.5 μs	64.6 μs	97.8 μs	348.66K/s	—	75.2%	complete
Java	1	416.3 μs	411.1 μs	437.4 μs	466.1 μs	2.4K/s	4.69 GiB/s	5.6%	complete
Java	2	427.8 μs	422.4 μs	450.8 μs	476.1 μs	4.67K/s	9.12 GiB/s	10.3%	complete
Java	4	452.5 μs	445.5 μs	484.8 μs	591.7 μs	8.83K/s	17.25 GiB/s	19.7%	complete
Java	8	528.9 μs	521.2 μs	569.3 μs	686.8 μs	15.11K/s	29.51 GiB/s	37.3%	complete
Java	16	874.6 μs	829.5 μs	1.21 ms	1.50 ms	18.27K/s	35.69 GiB/s	70.4%	complete
Java	1	54.2 μs	52.5 μs	62.9 μs	85.1 μs	18.37K/s	—	5.2%	complete
Java	2	54.7 μs	53.8 μs	57.1 μs	67.7 μs	36.41K/s	—	7.9%	complete
Java	4	55.2 μs	54.3 μs	57.6 μs	68.0 μs	72.15K/s	—	15.4%	complete
Java	8	57.3 μs	55.2 μs	67.8 μs	81.3 μs	138.99K/s	—	30.8%	complete
Java	16	77.8 μs	75.0 μs	99.2 μs	118.8 μs	204.66K/s	—	61.4%	complete
Java	1	1.16 ms	1.12 ms	1.25 ms	2.64 ms	863.18/s	1.69 GiB/s	5.2%	complete
Java	2	1.18 ms	1.17 ms	1.30 ms	1.58 ms	1.69K/s	3.30 GiB/s	9.8%	complete
Java	4	1.33 ms	1.30 ms	1.52 ms	1.77 ms	3K/s	5.86 GiB/s	17.5%	complete
Java	8	1.78 ms	1.74 ms	2.02 ms	2.49 ms	4.5K/s	8.80 GiB/s	34.1%	complete
Java	16	3.31 ms	3.22 ms	4.07 ms	4.95 ms	4.83K/s	9.44 GiB/s	65.0%	complete
Java	1	76.2 μs	72.8 μs	88.5 μs	137.0 μs	13.08K/s	—	5.0%	complete
Java	2	75.2 μs	73.7 μs	82.9 μs	92.3 μs	26.5K/s	—	8.0%	complete
Java	4	75.1 μs	73.9 μs	79.9 μs	89.2 μs	53.08K/s	—	14.8%	complete
Java	8	79.0 μs	75.9 μs	92.5 μs	112.9 μs	100.86K/s	—	29.3%	complete
Java	16	106.2 μs	102.9 μs	129.5 μs	157.4 μs	150.17K/s	—	58.9%	complete
Java	1	1.68 ms	1.64 ms	1.81 ms	3.12 ms	594.39/s	1.16 GiB/s	4.1%	complete
Java	2	1.66 ms	1.65 ms	1.76 ms	2.08 ms	1.2K/s	2.35 GiB/s	8.4%	complete
Java	4	1.71 ms	1.65 ms	1.93 ms	2.11 ms	2.34K/s	4.57 GiB/s	13.7%	Noisy (5.7% CV)
Java	8	1.91 ms	1.87 ms	2.24 ms	2.49 ms	4.18K/s	8.17 GiB/s	27.4%	complete
Java	16	2.73 ms	2.66 ms	3.31 ms	3.70 ms	5.86K/s	11.45 GiB/s	53.5%	complete
Java	1	27.8 μs	27.3 μs	30.4 μs	36.1 μs	35.63K/s	—	6.4%	complete
Java	2	28.9 μs	28.6 μs	30.7 μs	36.5 μs	68.68K/s	—	12.3%	complete
Java	4	30.1 μs	29.6 μs	32.1 μs	38.2 μs	131.89K/s	—	24.8%	complete
Java	8	31.0 μs	30.2 μs	35.7 μs	41.6 μs	255.66K/s	—	47.8%	complete
Java	16	60.6 μs	37.4 μs	75.4 μs	110.3 μs	262.37K/s	—	76.0%	complete
Java	1	446.4 μs	441.2 μs	471.7 μs	497.4 μs	2.24K/s	4.37 GiB/s	5.8%	complete
Java	2	448.3 μs	441.4 μs	473.6 μs	497.7 μs	4.46K/s	8.71 GiB/s	10.2%	complete
Java	4	474.3 μs	466.8 μs	509.2 μs	620.2 μs	8.43K/s	16.46 GiB/s	18.9%	complete
Java	8	526.3 μs	519.1 μs	563.0 μs	637.9 μs	15.18K/s	29.65 GiB/s	36.5%	complete
Java	16	798.9 μs	763.6 μs	1.03 ms	1.37 ms	20K/s	39.06 GiB/s	70.6%	complete
C++	1	23.2 μs	23.0 μs	24.1 μs	29.2 μs	42.61K/s	—	4.7%	complete
C++	2	24.4 μs	24.2 μs	25.4 μs	30.5 μs	81.09K/s	—	9.4%	complete
C++	4	24.7 μs	24.5 μs	25.8 μs	30.7 μs	160.25K/s	—	19.1%	complete
C++	8	25.3 μs	25.1 μs	26.9 μs	31.4 μs	312.55K/s	—	39.2%	complete
C++	16	27.2 μs	27.0 μs	28.7 μs	33.6 μs	582.8K/s	—	82.9%	complete
C++	1	171.5 μs	170.3 μs	180.4 μs	187.3 μs	5.82K/s	11.37 GiB/s	5.5%	complete
C++	2	179.3 μs	176.5 μs	201.5 μs	208.0 μs	11.13K/s	21.74 GiB/s	11.1%	complete
C++	4	194.2 μs	188.1 μs	226.4 μs	240.6 μs	20.56K/s	40.15 GiB/s	21.8%	complete
C++	8	217.9 μs	213.4 μs	261.4 μs	276.4 μs	36.64K/s	71.57 GiB/s	43.8%	Noisy (5.1% CV)
C++	16	289.8 μs	288.4 μs	355.5 μs	411.4 μs	55.12K/s	107.65 GiB/s	86.1%	complete
C++	1	49.2 μs	48.9 μs	50.3 μs	62.5 μs	20.23K/s	—	3.5%	complete
C++	2	49.7 μs	49.3 μs	51.2 μs	63.2 μs	40.03K/s	—	6.9%	complete
C++	4	50.1 μs	49.6 μs	51.9 μs	63.4 μs	79.48K/s	—	13.8%	complete
C++	8	51.1 μs	50.5 μs	55.7 μs	65.8 μs	155.67K/s	—	27.9%	complete
C++	16	66.6 μs	65.0 μs	83.1 μs	97.9 μs	238.93K/s	—	56.4%	complete
C++	1	614.2 μs	595.0 μs	814.7 μs	1.09 ms	1.63K/s	3.18 GiB/s	4.5%	complete
C++	2	640.4 μs	619.5 μs	823.5 μs	1.16 ms	3.12K/s	6.09 GiB/s	8.5%	complete
C++	4	717.0 μs	696.4 μs	886.9 μs	1.26 ms	5.57K/s	10.89 GiB/s	17.3%	complete
C++	8	1.13 ms	1.11 ms	1.34 ms	1.79 ms	7.07K/s	13.80 GiB/s	32.5%	complete
C++	16	2.03 ms	1.99 ms	2.52 ms	3.20 ms	7.87K/s	15.37 GiB/s	64.8%	complete
C++	1	68.6 μs	68.0 μs	70.7 μs	83.4 μs	14.53K/s	—	3.4%	complete
C++	2	69.2 μs	68.7 μs	71.2 μs	83.5 μs	28.79K/s	—	6.7%	complete
C++	4	69.4 μs	68.8 μs	71.4 μs	83.4 μs	57.44K/s	—	13.4%	complete
C++	8	70.4 μs	69.6 μs	76.7 μs	86.7 μs	113.16K/s	—	27.0%	complete
C++	16	89.3 μs	87.3 μs	109.3 μs	125.6 μs	178.42K/s	—	54.9%	complete
C++	1	1.38 ms	1.26 ms	1.96 ms	2.29 ms	724.03/s	1.41 GiB/s	3.2%	complete
C++	2	1.38 ms	1.27 ms	1.91 ms	2.19 ms	1.45K/s	2.83 GiB/s	6.4%	complete
C++	4	1.41 ms	1.30 ms	1.99 ms	2.33 ms	2.84K/s	5.55 GiB/s	12.7%	complete
C++	8	1.62 ms	1.48 ms	2.34 ms	2.66 ms	4.95K/s	9.66 GiB/s	25.4%	complete
C++	16	2.18 ms	2.03 ms	3.25 ms	3.66 ms	7.32K/s	14.30 GiB/s	50.9%	complete
C++	1	37.7 μs	36.8 μs	41.3 μs	45.5 μs	26.35K/s	—	5.1%	complete
C++	2	39.0 μs	38.5 μs	42.7 μs	47.1 μs	50.93K/s	—	10.4%	complete
C++	4	40.1 μs	39.6 μs	43.8 μs	48.3 μs	99.11K/s	—	20.9%	complete
C++	8	41.5 μs	40.9 μs	45.2 μs	49.7 μs	191.68K/s	—	42.5%	complete
C++	16	53.9 μs	53.7 μs	58.1 μs	63.5 μs	295.04K/s	—	84.4%	complete
C++	1	226.9 μs	225.8 μs	238.9 μs	245.4 μs	4.4K/s	8.59 GiB/s	5.2%	complete
C++	2	235.3 μs	233.7 μs	248.7 μs	257.7 μs	8.48K/s	16.57 GiB/s	10.5%	complete
C++	4	240.9 μs	239.0 μs	258.7 μs	271.0 μs	16.57K/s	32.37 GiB/s	21.5%	complete
C++	8	257.8 μs	254.5 μs	281.5 μs	298.0 μs	30.98K/s	60.51 GiB/s	43.2%	complete
C++	16	332.3 μs	327.5 μs	362.8 μs	485.0 μs	48.06K/s	93.86 GiB/s	85.7%	complete
Rust	1	17.7 μs	17.7 μs	18.5 μs	18.9 μs	56.22K/s	—	—	complete
Rust	1	21.6 μs	21.6 μs	22.2 μs	22.6 μs	46.09K/s	—	—	complete
Rust	1	21.8 μs	21.8 μs	22.6 μs	23.0 μs	45.72K/s	—	—	complete
Rust	1	26.6 μs	26.4 μs	27.7 μs	29.0 μs	37.53K/s	73.3 MiB/s	—	complete
Rust	1	37.5 μs	37.4 μs	38.4 μs	42.6 μs	26.64K/s	3.25 GiB/s	—	complete
Rust	1	187.9 μs	187.3 μs	196.9 μs	204.5 μs	5.32K/s	10.39 GiB/s	—	complete
Rust	1	11.10 ms	11.10 ms	11.42 ms	11.59 ms	90.12/s	2.82 GiB/s	—	complete
Rust	1	41.3 μs	41.2 μs	41.9 μs	48.2 μs	24.16K/s	—	—	complete
Rust	1	46.0 μs	45.8 μs	46.6 μs	54.2 μs	21.72K/s	—	—	complete
Rust	1	45.6 μs	45.4 μs	46.2 μs	53.9 μs	21.91K/s	—	—	complete
Rust	1	44.8 μs	44.6 μs	45.7 μs	52.7 μs	22.29K/s	43.5 MiB/s	—	complete
Rust	1	93.3 μs	97.5 μs	103.3 μs	111.9 μs	10.71K/s	1.31 GiB/s	—	complete
Rust	1	1.06 ms	1.08 ms	1.20 ms	1.26 ms	940.51/s	1.84 GiB/s	—	complete
Rust	1	47.04 ms	47.20 ms	51.39 ms	52.55 ms	21.26/s	680.3 MiB/s	—	complete
Rust	1	9.68 μs	9.62 μs	9.90 μs	10.5 μs	102.76K/s	—	—	complete
Rust	1	14.3 μs	14.2 μs	14.4 μs	14.5 μs	69.91K/s	—	—	complete
Rust	1	13.9 μs	13.8 μs	14.0 μs	14.2 μs	71.83K/s	—	—	complete
Rust	1	12.8 μs	12.8 μs	13.0 μs	13.3 μs	77.95K/s	152.2 MiB/s	—	complete
Rust	1	38.4 μs	38.3 μs	39.0 μs	43.2 μs	25.98K/s	3.17 GiB/s	—	complete
Rust	1	259.3 μs	246.8 μs	304.8 μs	316.9 μs	3.86K/s	7.53 GiB/s	—	complete
Rust	1	9.33 ms	9.35 ms	9.67 ms	9.86 ms	107.14/s	3.35 GiB/s	—	complete
Rust	1	50.5 μs	50.0 μs	54.6 μs	60.2 μs	19.78K/s	—	—	complete
Rust	1	57.6 μs	57.0 μs	63.4 μs	68.1 μs	17.34K/s	—	—	complete
Rust	1	55.4 μs	55.2 μs	56.1 μs	65.5 μs	18.04K/s	—	—	complete
Rust	1	64.9 μs	64.7 μs	65.6 μs	75.4 μs	15.39K/s	30.1 MiB/s	—	complete
Rust	1	166.6 μs	166.0 μs	173.3 μs	181.7 μs	6K/s	749.9 MiB/s	—	complete
Rust	1	1.92 ms	1.84 ms	2.10 ms	2.15 ms	520.15/s	1.02 GiB/s	—	complete
Rust	1	45.73 ms	45.67 ms	46.25 ms	46.39 ms	21.87/s	699.8 MiB/s	—	complete
Rust	1	8.59 μs	8.57 μs	8.74 μs	8.81 μs	115.68K/s	—	—	complete
Rust	1	13.1 μs	13.2 μs	13.4 μs	13.7 μs	76.18K/s	—	—	complete
Rust	1	12.7 μs	12.7 μs	13.0 μs	13.2 μs	78.14K/s	—	—	complete
Rust	1	11.6 μs	11.6 μs	11.8 μs	11.9 μs	85.72K/s	167.4 MiB/s	—	complete
Rust	1	37.9 μs	37.7 μs	38.6 μs	42.5 μs	26.37K/s	3.22 GiB/s	—	complete
Rust	1	447.8 μs	446.7 μs	462.6 μs	467.1 μs	2.23K/s	4.36 GiB/s	—	complete
Rust	1	17.92 ms	17.88 ms	18.50 ms	19.42 ms	55.8/s	1.74 GiB/s	—	complete
Rust	1	33.5 μs	33.1 μs	36.5 μs	39.4 μs	29.81K/s	—	—	complete
Rust	1	39.3 μs	39.0 μs	41.8 μs	45.9 μs	25.42K/s	—	—	complete
Rust	1	40.4 μs	40.2 μs	42.7 μs	47.1 μs	24.73K/s	—	—	complete
Rust	1	56.8 μs	56.3 μs	60.4 μs	66.6 μs	17.59K/s	34.3 MiB/s	—	complete
Rust	1	68.4 μs	68.0 μs	71.8 μs	79.4 μs	14.6K/s	1.78 GiB/s	—	complete
Rust	1	259.1 μs	258.1 μs	271.3 μs	277.8 μs	3.86K/s	7.54 GiB/s	—	complete
Rust	1	10.71 ms	10.66 ms	11.13 ms	11.57 ms	93.41/s	2.92 GiB/s	—	complete

What is excluded

In-process pipes, WSGI test clients, debug builds, unpinned working trees, first-call startup time, and results from shared CI hosts are not used for cross-language claims.

Methodology

Release builds from isolated checkouts pinned to the commits above.
Python HTTP uses pinned Granian 2.8.1 with 16 worker processes and one blocking thread each.
Java runs on Amazon Corretto 25.0.4 so negotiated shared memory uses the JDK 22+ FFM implementation.
Latency uses a one-second warm-up and five one-second rounds; unstable cases receive two extension rounds.
Mean, P50, P95, and P99 use all steady-state wall-clock samples—not the fastest sample.
Scaling uses fresh servers at 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 clients, with three two-second rounds and two extensions when noisy.
Scaling records call rate, latency, and whole-host CPU utilization for unary and 1 MiB echo workloads.
Binary echo throughput counts application payload in both request and response directions.
Publishable runs require an approved ARM64 host and a pre-run load average below 2.0.
Quick and partial matrices are rejected; failed scenarios remain visible with their captured errors.

Results compare only within one snapshot, host, workload, and benchmark layer. They are not universal hardware-independent rankings.

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